Controlling the thermal contact resistance of a carbon nanotube heat spreader

The ability to tune the thermal resistance of carbon nanotube mechanical supports from insulating to conducting could permit the next generation of thermal management devices. Here, we demonstrate fabrication techniques for carbon nanotube supports that realize either weak or strong thermal coupling, selectively. Direct imaging by in-situ electron thermal microscopy shows that the thermal contact resistance of a nanotube weakly-coupled to its support is greater than 250 K*m/W and that this value can be reduced to 4.2(+5.6/-2.1) K*m/W by imbedding the nanotube in metal contacts

Studies on length-weight and length-length relationships of a catfish Eutropiichthyes vacha Hamilton (Schilbeidae: Siluriformes) from Indus River, Sindh, Pakistan

Present study describes the length-weight (LWR) and length-length (LLR) relationships of a freshwater catfish Eutropiichthyes vacha Hamilton from Indus River, Sindh, Pakistan. A total of 281 specimen of E. vacha were collected from fisherman’s catch from February 2005 to January 2006, are used for this study. The parameters a and b of the length-weight relationship were calculated as W= aLb are presented. The values for allometric coefficient b of the LWR were close to isometric value for male (b = 3.159) and combined values for both sexes (b = 3.053). However, it suggested negative allometric growth for females (b = 2.973). Results for LLRs indicated that these are highly correlated (r2 > 0.9) P< 0.0001

Spectrum of electroencephalogram finding in Children with newly diagnosed epilepsy –an Experience at a tertiary care hospital.

Epilepsy is the most common neurological disorders that affect all age groups. It is characterized by at least two unprovoked seizures more than 24 hours apart. The most common investigation used for both diagnosis and management is an Electroencephalogram (EEG), which is relatively cheap and easy to perform. However, EEG requires technical expertise and is prone to misinterpretation. Objective: To determine the frequency of abnormal EEG findings in children with newly diagnosed epilepsy at tertiary care hospital

Wind Energy Potential at Badin and Pasni Costal Line of Pakistan

Unfortunately, Pakistan is facing an acute energy crisis since the past decade due to the increasing population growth and is heavily dependent on imports of fossil fuels. The shortage of the electricity is 14-18 hours in rural areas and 8-10 hours in urban areas. This situation has been significantly affecting the residential, industrial and commercial sectors in the country. At this time, it is immense challenges for the government to keep the power supply provision continue in the future for the country. In this situation, it has been the increased research to explore renewable energy resources in the country to fulfill the deficit scenario in the state. The renewable energy sector has not penetrated in the energy mix, currently in the upcoming markets. This paper highlights the steps taken by the country in the past and is taking steps at the present time to get rid of from the existing energy crisis when most urban areas are suffering from power outages for 12 hours on regular basis. Until 2009, no single grid interconnected wind established, but now the circumstances are changing significantly and wind farms are contributing to the national grid is the reality now. The initiation of the three wind farms interconnection network and many others in the pipeline are going to be operational soon. The federal policy on wind energy system has recently changed. Surprisingly, the continuing schemes of the wind farm are getting slow. This paper reviews developments in the wind energy sector in the country and lists some suggestions that can contribute to improving the penetration of wind energy in the national energy sector.Article History: Received Dec 16th 2016; Received in revised form May 15th 2017; Accepted June 18th 2017; Available onlineHow to Cite This Article: Kaloi,G.S., Wang, J., Baloch, M.H and Tahir, S. (2017) Wind Energy Potential at Badin and Pasni Costal Line Pakistan. Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 6(2), 103-110.https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.6.2.103-11

Performance Improvement of Grid-Integrated Doubly Fed Induction Generator under Asymmetrical and Symmetrical Faults

The doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind energy conversion system (WECS) suffers from voltage and frequency fluctuations due to the stochastic nature of wind speed as well as nonlinear loads. Moreover, the high penetration of wind energy into the power grid is a challenge for its smooth operation. Hence, symmetrical faults are most intense, inflicting the stator winding to low voltage, disturbing the low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) functionality of a DFIG. The vector control strategy with proportional–integral (PI) controllers was used to control rotor-side converter (RSC) and grid-side converter (GSC) parameters. During a symmetrical fault, however, a series grid-side converter (SGSC) with a shunt injection transformer on the stator side was used to keep the rotor current at an acceptable level in accordance with grid code requirements (GCRs). For the validation of results, the proposed scheme of PI + SGSC is compared with PI and a combination of PI with Dynamic Impedance Fault Current Limiter (DIFCL). The MATLAB simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme provides superior performance by providing 77.6% and 20.61% improved performance in rotor current compared to that of PI and PI + DIFCL control schemes for improving the LVRT performance of DFIG

Impact of Block Length and Temperature over Self-Assembling Behavior of Block Copolymers

Self-assembling behavior of block copolymers having water-soluble portion as one of the blocks plays key role in the properties and applications of the copolymers. Therefore, we have synthesized block copolymers of different block length and investigated their self-assembling behavior with reference to concentration and temperature using surface tension and conductance measurement techniques. The results obtained through both techniques concluded that critical micelles concentration (CMC) was decreased from 0.100 to 0.078 g/dL with the increase in length of water insoluble block and 0.100 to 0.068 g/dL for the increased temperature. ΔGmic was also decreased with the increase in temperature of the system, concluding that the micellization process was encouraged with the increase in temperature and block length. However, ΔHmic values were highest for short block length copolymer. The surface excess concentration obtained from surface tension data concluded that it was highest for short block length and vice versa and was increased with the increase in temperature of the system. However, the minimum area per molecule was largest for highest molecular weight copolymers or having longest water insoluble block and decreases with the increase in temperature

Studies on length-weight and length-length relationships of a catfish Eutropiichthyes vacha Hamilton (Schilbeidae: Silurifo)

Present study describes the length-weight (LWR) and length-length (LLR) relationships of a freshwater catfish Eutropiichthyes vacha Hamilton from Indus River, Sindh, Pakistan. A total of 281 specimen of E. vacha were collected from fisherman?s catch from February 2005 to January 2006, are used for this study. The parameters a and b of the length-weight relationship were calculated as W= aLb are presented. The values for allometric coefficient b of the LWR were close to isometric value for male (b = 3.159) and combined values for both sexes (b = 3.053). However, it suggested negative allometric growth for females (b = 2.973). Results for LLRs indicated that these are highly correlated (r2 > 0.9) P< 0.0001

Malignancy risk analysis in patients with inadequate fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of the thyroid

Background Thyroid fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is the standard diagnostic modality for thyroid nodules. However, it has limitations among which is the incidence of non-diagnostic results (Thy1). Management of cases with repeatedly non-diagnostic FNAC ranges from simple observation to surgical intervention. We aim to evaluate the incidence of malignancy in non-diagnostic FNAC, and the success rate of repeated FNAC. We also aim to evaluate risk factors for malignancy in patients with non-diagnostic FNAC. Materials and Methods Retrospective analyses of consecutive cases with thyroid non diagnostic FNAC results were included. Results Out of total 1657 thyroid FNAC done during the study period, there were 264 (15.9%) non-diagnostic FNAC on the first attempt. On repeating those, the rate of a non-diagnostic result on second FNAC was 61.8% and on third FNAC was 47.2%. The overall malignancy rate in Thy1 FNAC was 4.5% (42% papillary, 42% follicular and 8% anaplastic), and the yield of malignancy decreased considerably with successive non-diagnostic FNAC. Ultrasound guidance by an experienced head neck radiologist produced the lowest non-diagnostic rate (38%) on repetition compared to US guidance by a generalist radiologist (65%) and by non US guidance (90%). Conclusions There is a low risk of malignancy in patients with a non-diagnostic FNAC result, commensurate to the risk of any nodule. The yield of malignancy decreased considerably with successive non-diagnostic FNAC

Maximum Power Tracking System Based on Power Electronic Topology for Wind Energy Conversion System Applications

Wind energy has emerged as a dominant alternative power generation source. Conventional energy resources are depleting and their increasing cost cannot be ignored. Wind energy has taken an important role in replacing fossil fuels and nuclear energy. However, optimal exploitation of wind energy systems has remained a thought-provoking problem due to the nonlinear behavior of the wind speed. Distribution generation system and isolated micro-grid (MG) are mainly used in a wind energy system in order to utilize maximum potential of wind through the maximum power tracking algorithm based on DC-DC boost power electronic converter. In this paper, authors propose a technique which is effectively workable, highly reliable, of low cost and induces less mechanical stress on the wind generator system (WGS). Experimental results of the proposed system verify that the effectiveness near optimal WGS output power increased approximately up to 50%. Thus, better exploitation of the available wind power is obtained under low wind speeds